rationalist
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Ribosomes amazing nano machines
https://******************************/t1661-translation-through-ribosomes-amazing-nano-machines
Translation is one of the most complex biological processes, involving diverse protein factors and enzymes as well as messenger and transfer RNAs. The sequence of the PTC is possibly the most relevant stretch of nucleic acid to be studied if one aims to understand the origin of life. Nowadays, it is a consensus that the ribosome should be understood as a prebiotic machine that predated the origin of cells. The contingent appearance of this ribozyme capable of binding amino acids together was crucial to both the initial emergence and further development of the phenomenon of life7
The ribosome is a ‘‘living fossil‘‘, a particle so central to all cellular processes that it has essentially become frozen in time, preserving many ancestral features in its molecular structure. 8
The origin of the ribosomal protein synthesis network is considered to be the singular defining event in the origin of cells and the Tree of Life 4
* Each cell contains around 10 million ribosomes, i.e. 7000 ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus each minute.
* Each ribosome contains around 80 proteins, i.e. more than 0.5 million ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm per minute.
* The nuclear membrane contains approximately 5000 pores. Thus, more than 100 ribosomal proteins are imported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus per pore and minute. At the same time 3 ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm per pore and minute.
The evidence from the ribosome
a. “Spontaneous formation of the unlocked state of the ribosome is a multi-step process.”
b. The L1 stalks of the ribosome bend, rotate and uncouple – undergoing at least four distinct stalk positions while each tRNA ratchets through the assembly tunnel. At one stage, for instance, “the L1 stalk domain closes and the 30S subunit undergoes a counterclockwise, ratchet-like rotation” with respect to another domain of the factory. This is not simple. “Subunit ratcheting is a complex set of motions that entails the remodeling of numerous bridging contacts found at the subunit interface that are involved in substrate positioning.”
c.The enzyme machine that translates a cell’s DNA code into the proteins of life is nothing if not an editorial perfectionist…the ribosome exerts far tighter quality control than anyone ever suspected over its precious protein products… To their further surprise, the ribosome lets go of error-laden proteins 10,000 times faster than it would normally release error-free proteins, a rate of destruction that Green says is “shocking” and reveals just how much of a stickler (insisting) the ribosome is about high-fidelity protein synthesis. (Rachel Green, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and professor of molecular biology and genetics: The Ribosome: Perfectionist Protein-maker Trashes Errors, 2009)
4. Interactions between molecules are not simply matters of matching electrons with protons. Instead, large structural molecules form machines with moving parts. These parts experience the same kinds of forces and motions that we experience at the macro level: stretching, bending, leverage, spring tension, ratcheting, rotation and translocation. The same units of force and energy are appropriate for both – except at vastly different levels.
5. Every day, Every day, essays about molecular machines are giving more and more biomolecular details, many without mentioning evolution and giving details about the process of how these machines evolved. Ribosomes, however, are life essential, and a prerequisite to make the proteins which replicate DNA, hence, it had to emerge prior evolution could start. So its emergence cannot be explained by evolution.
6. These complexities are best explained by the work of an intelligent agency.
7. Hence, most probably, God exists.
Comparative genomic reconstructions of the gene repertoire of LUCA(S) point to a complex translation system that includes at least 18 of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS), several translation factors, at least 40 ribosomal proteins, and several enzymes involved in rRNA and tRNA modification. It appears that the core of the translation system was already fully shaped in LUCA(S) (Anantharaman, et al., 2002).
https://******************************/t1661-translation-through-ribosomes-amazing-nano-machines
Translation is one of the most complex biological processes, involving diverse protein factors and enzymes as well as messenger and transfer RNAs. The sequence of the PTC is possibly the most relevant stretch of nucleic acid to be studied if one aims to understand the origin of life. Nowadays, it is a consensus that the ribosome should be understood as a prebiotic machine that predated the origin of cells. The contingent appearance of this ribozyme capable of binding amino acids together was crucial to both the initial emergence and further development of the phenomenon of life7
The ribosome is a ‘‘living fossil‘‘, a particle so central to all cellular processes that it has essentially become frozen in time, preserving many ancestral features in its molecular structure. 8
The origin of the ribosomal protein synthesis network is considered to be the singular defining event in the origin of cells and the Tree of Life 4
* Each cell contains around 10 million ribosomes, i.e. 7000 ribosomes are produced in the nucleolus each minute.
* Each ribosome contains around 80 proteins, i.e. more than 0.5 million ribosomal proteins are synthesized in the cytoplasm per minute.
* The nuclear membrane contains approximately 5000 pores. Thus, more than 100 ribosomal proteins are imported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus per pore and minute. At the same time 3 ribosomal subunits are exported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm per pore and minute.
The evidence from the ribosome
a. “Spontaneous formation of the unlocked state of the ribosome is a multi-step process.”
b. The L1 stalks of the ribosome bend, rotate and uncouple – undergoing at least four distinct stalk positions while each tRNA ratchets through the assembly tunnel. At one stage, for instance, “the L1 stalk domain closes and the 30S subunit undergoes a counterclockwise, ratchet-like rotation” with respect to another domain of the factory. This is not simple. “Subunit ratcheting is a complex set of motions that entails the remodeling of numerous bridging contacts found at the subunit interface that are involved in substrate positioning.”
c.The enzyme machine that translates a cell’s DNA code into the proteins of life is nothing if not an editorial perfectionist…the ribosome exerts far tighter quality control than anyone ever suspected over its precious protein products… To their further surprise, the ribosome lets go of error-laden proteins 10,000 times faster than it would normally release error-free proteins, a rate of destruction that Green says is “shocking” and reveals just how much of a stickler (insisting) the ribosome is about high-fidelity protein synthesis. (Rachel Green, a Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator and professor of molecular biology and genetics: The Ribosome: Perfectionist Protein-maker Trashes Errors, 2009)
4. Interactions between molecules are not simply matters of matching electrons with protons. Instead, large structural molecules form machines with moving parts. These parts experience the same kinds of forces and motions that we experience at the macro level: stretching, bending, leverage, spring tension, ratcheting, rotation and translocation. The same units of force and energy are appropriate for both – except at vastly different levels.
5. Every day, Every day, essays about molecular machines are giving more and more biomolecular details, many without mentioning evolution and giving details about the process of how these machines evolved. Ribosomes, however, are life essential, and a prerequisite to make the proteins which replicate DNA, hence, it had to emerge prior evolution could start. So its emergence cannot be explained by evolution.
6. These complexities are best explained by the work of an intelligent agency.
7. Hence, most probably, God exists.
Comparative genomic reconstructions of the gene repertoire of LUCA(S) point to a complex translation system that includes at least 18 of the 20 aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRS), several translation factors, at least 40 ribosomal proteins, and several enzymes involved in rRNA and tRNA modification. It appears that the core of the translation system was already fully shaped in LUCA(S) (Anantharaman, et al., 2002).